Code-switching and borrowing in Irish

Minority languages and code-switching Code-switching in bilingual communities has been extensively discussed (e.g. Clyne 2003; Myers-Scotton 1997, 2002; Poplack 2004). Here, code-switching is examined in Irish, an endangered language. Crystal (2000) noted that a significant increase in codeswitching is one of the signs that a minority language is coming under pressure from a majority language. It has been claimed that codeswitching has become more significant in recent years among Irish speakers, but to date this has rested mainly on anecdotal accounts. Here, some data are presented on the frequency and type of codeswitching among a key group of adult native Irish speakers: the Leaders of Irish-language preschools in Irishspeaking communities. The language use of this group in their interactions with preschool children is of particular interest, given their role in the transmission of the Irish language to the next generation. As necessary background the current position of Irish is summarised first and the contact between Irish and English is briefly reviewed.